Mutual Intelligibility Definition and Examples

Mutual Intelligibility is a situation in which two or more speakers of a language (or of closely related languages) can understand each other. Mutual intelligibility is a continuum (that is, a gradient concept), marked by degrees of intelligibility, not by sharp divisions. Example and Observations Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication: [W]hat allows us to refer to something called English as if it were a single, monolithic language? A standard answer to this question rests on the notion of mutual intelligibility. That is, even though native speakers of English vary in their use of the language, their various languages are similar enough in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar to permit mutual intelligibility. . . . Hence, speaking the same language does not depend on two speakers speaking identical languages, but only very similar languages. The Mutual Intelligibility Test Hans Henrich Hoch: [The] distinction between language and dialect is based on the notion [of] mutual intelligibility: Dialects of the same language should be mutually intelligible, while different languages are not. This mutual intelligibility, in turn, would then be a reflection of the similarities between different varieties of speech.Unfortunately, the mutual-intelligibility test does not always lead to clear-cut results. Thus Scots English may at first be quite unintelligible to speakers of the various varieties of Standard American English, and vice versa. True, given enough time (and goodwill), mutual intelligibility can be achieved without too much effort. But given an even greater amount of time (and goodwill), and a greater effort, also French might become (mutually) intelligible for the same speakers of English. In addition, there are cases like Norwegian and Swedish which, because they have different standard varieties and literary traditions, would be called different languages by most people, including linguists, even though the two standard languages are mutually quite intelligible. Here, cultural and sociolinguistic considerations tend to overrule the mutual intelligibility test. One-Way Intelligibility Richard A. Hudson: [A]nother problem regarding the use of mutual intelligibility as a criterion [for defining a language is] that it need not be reciprocal, since A and B need not have the same degree of motivation for understanding each other, nor need they have the same amount of previous experience of each others varieties. Typically, it is easier for non-standard speakers to understand standard speakers than the other way round, partly because the former will have had more experience of the standard variety (notably through the media) than vice versa, and partly because they may be motivated to minimise the cultural differences between themselves and the standard speakers (though this is by no means necessarily so), while standard speakers may want to emphasize some differences. Glen Pourciau: Theres a fat man who comes in here with pills sometimes and I cant understand a word he says. I told him Ive got no problem with wherever he comes from but I have to be able to understand him. He understands what Im saying and he talks louder. I dont hear well, but it doesnt help anything for him to say whatever it is hes saying in a louder voice. Bidialectalism and Mutual Intelligibility in The Color Purple Celie in The Color Purple: Darlie trying to teach me how to talk. . . . Every time I say something the way I say it, she correct me until I say it some other way. Pretty soon it feel like I cant think. My mind run up on a thought, git confuse, run back and sort of lay down. . . . Look like to me only a fool would want you to talk in a way that feel peculiar to your mind.

Persona Of Jay Gatsby - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 570 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Great Gatsby Essay Did you like this example? In the book the The Great Gatsby ambiguity could play as a main theme in the story. Scratch examines Gatsby twice in Chapter I, in the start of the novel and at the finish of the part. His first references appear to be both vague and conflicting. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Persona Of Jay Gatsby" essay for you Create order He calls attention to that somehow or another he altogether objected to Gatsby: spoke to everything for which I have an unaffected contempt. However, Nick includes that Gatsby turned out okay toward the end. The main enlightens Nick gives us understanding this logical inconsistency are Gatsbys phenomenal present for expectation and his sentimental status. Scratch sees Gatsby out of the blue toward the finish of Chapter I. Gatsby remains solitary on his grass, connecting inquisitively at the sea and a green light over the sound. It seems to Nick that Gatsby trembles. Once more, Nicks depiction of Gatsby makes numerous inquiries for the peruser. Gatsby is introduced as a secret from the earliest starting point of the novel. From one viewpoint, Nick says that Gatsby spoke to everything for which he had an unaffected disdain. in the meantime, he finds in him something stunning, a fantasy quality with some increased affectability to the guarantees of life. This sets up the uncertainty in Nicks portrayal since it is a mystery. Scratch considers Gatsby to be an extortionist, which ethically conflicts with everything that Nick speaks to, yet additionally he consider Gatsby to be a serious sentimental who gained his debased riches for the sole reason for winning Daisys affection. The vagueness is that Nick loathes the evil gotten riches in most, yet in Gatsby, he considers him to be an extraordinary man and reveals to him that he merits the entire spoiled group set up together. Characteristics like supreme accurate flawlessness are even much less possible than world harmony, and they have no region in pleasant writing. Nobody identifies with the principle character that by no means gives his feelings a danger to show signs and symptoms of enhancement of him now and again. Really magnificent characters require probably some stage of accurate uncertainty. Jay Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby takes phase in illicit alcohol deals and enterprise with the man who constant the World Series, which join with his most perfect of objectives and for all intents and functions common consideration to make some very equivocal ethics. Because of that equivocalness, Gatsbys persona stays defective and one whom perusers can absolutely become aware of with, while advancing the noticeable problem in the novel of the American Dreams debasement by using riches. Magnetic as Gatsby regarded to be, he pulled in companions of every sort, with each type of recommendation accompanying them. Scratch needless to say considers Gatsby his closest partner all via the novel, eminently commenting in the later phase of the book that Theyre a spoiled group. You in my view advantage the complete damn cluster set up together (154). This used to be said after an specifically sad arrangement of occasions, which at closing demonstrated the degree of his thoughtfulness and magnanimity. He had gambled all that he had, essentially for one remaining push to attempt to get Daisy, and fantastically a whole lot fizzled. At that point as Daisy heads out with him in the vehicle, she hits and kills Myrtle Wilson, and Gatsby quickly chooses to count on the entire fault for it barring the slightest hesitation.

Question Finance - 950 Words

EXERCISE 5 (RISK AND RETURN) 1. Perry purchased 100 shares of Ferro, Inc. common stock for $25 per share one year ago. During the year, Ferro, Inc. paid cash dividends of $2 per share. The stock is currently selling for $30 per share. If Perry sells all of his shares of Ferro, Inc. today, what rate of return would he realize? Answer: Realized return = = 28% 2. Tim purchased a bounce house one year ago for $6,500. During the year it generated $4,000 in cash flow. If Time sells the bounce house today, he could receive $6,100 for it. What would be his rate of return under these conditions? Answer: Realized return = = 55% 3. Asset A was purchased six months ago for $25,000 and has generated $1,500 cash flow during that†¦show more content†¦10. Assuming a risk-free rate of 8 percent and a market return of 12 percent, would a wise investor acquire a security with a Beta of 1.5 and a rate of return of 14 percent given the facts above? Answer: K = RF + b(Km - RF) = 0.08 + 1.5(0.12 - 0.08) = 0.14 = 14% Yes, a security with a beta of 1.5 should yield 14 percent rate of return. 11. Dr. Dan is considering investment in a project with beta coefficient of 1.75. What would you recommend him to do if this investment has an 11.5 percent rate of return, risk-free rate is 5.5 percent, and the rate of return on the market portfolio of assets is 8.5 percent? Answer: K = RF + b(Km - RF) = 0.055 + 1.75(0.085 - 0.055) = 0.108 = 10.8% Dr. Dan should invest in the project because the project s actual rate of return (11.5 percent) is greater than the project s required rate of return (10.8Show MoreRelatedFinance Questions723 Words   |  3 Pages Provide detailed descriptions and show all calculations used to arrive at solutions for the following questions: 1. Community Hospital has annual net patient revenues of $150 million. At the present time, payments received by the hospital are not deposited for six days on average. The hospital is exploring a lockbox arrangement that promises to cut the six days to one day. If these funds released by the lockbox arrangement can be invested at 8 percent, what will the annual savings be? Assume theRead MoreQuestions on Finance2789 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿FIN 301 HW Chapter 1 (Odds 1-17) 1. Define shareholder wealth. Explain how it is measured Shareholder wealth is represented by the market price of a firm’s common stock. It is measured by the market value of the shareholders’ common stock holdings 2. Which type of corporation is more likely to be a shareholder wealth maximizer -one with wide ownership and no owners directly involved in the firms management or one that is closely held. A closely held corporation 3. 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The low-debt plan calls for a debt issue of $200,000 with the proceeds used to buy back stock. The high debt plan would exchange $400,000 of debt for equity. The debt will pay an interest rate of 10%. The firm pays no taxes. a. What will be the debt-to-equity ratio after each possible restructuring? b. If earningsRead MoreCorporate Finance - Concept Questions12247 Words   |  49 PagesCONCEPT QUESTIONS - CHAPTER 1 1.1 ( What are the three basic questions of corporate finance? a. Investment decision (capital budgeting): What long-term investment strategy should a firm adopt? b. Financing decision (capital structure): How much cash must be raised for the required investments? c. Short-term finance decision (working capital): How much short-term cash flow does company need to pay its bills. ( Describe capital structure. Capital structureRead MoreQuestions On Finance Lease And Operating Lease Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion a It can be found from the IAS 17; the lease is defined that â€Å"A lease is an arrangement whereby the lessor coveys to the lessee in return for a payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time†. (IAS 17, 2003). There are two types of lease: finance lease and operating lease. The following parts will identify them separately and accounting treatments will be discussed in lessees’ and lessors’ aspect. Firstly, it is the finance lease and it is a lease thatRead MoreFinal Question Paper: Corporate Finance24063 Words   |  97 Pages80 | 1.53 | $44.06 | Wal-Mart | $47.90 | 4.17 | $199.74 | Intel | $19.60 | 5.77 | $113.09 | Boeing | $75.00 | 0.79 | $59.25 | | | Total | $416.15 | | ------------------------------------------------- Use the table for the question(s) below. Consider the following three individuals portfolios consisting of investments in four stocks: Stock | Beta | Peter s Investment | Paul s Investment | Mary s Investment | Eenie | 1.3 | 2500 | 5000 | 10000 | Meenie | 1.0 | 2500Read MoreIssues in Applied Finance Financial Planning Assignment: Questions Answers1104 Words   |  5 PagesAFIN310 Issues in Applied Finance Financial Planning Assignment: Questions Answers General Questions 1. Is an introduction / executive summary and conclusion required? No. You are to answer each question and keep to a total maximum of 15 pages, excluding cover page. No marks will be provided for anything written on page 16 or beyond. Students are recommended to refer to the mark allocation when answering each question. 2. Is specific formatting required? Eg The font you can use is Calibri, size

My Views On America Moving Toward A Sustainable Society

1. Given all we’ve discussed about the ecologic condition of the planet now and if current consumption patterns continue tell me your views on whether you think Americans as a whole are moving toward a sustainable society. If not what are your views on one or two changes to these patterns that could improve potential for achieving a sustainable society. My views on America moving toward a sustainable society, looking at our current pattern could be highly achievable. Our generation is becoming aware that if we continue our patterns of life such as pollution, waste, land space etc. We are going keep destroying our planet as we are starting to see with for example â€Å"climate change†. The first step into change is acknowledgement and†¦show more content†¦Another element is transportation such as pedestrian, bikes, and cars accommodations. Design and architectural features is also an important element that is visually interesting, this element as well as encouraging human contact and social activities, which are public spaces. These elements work together to provide a sustainable living. 3. In order for the federal government to dedicate financial resources there needs to be the authority to do so in place – what 3 authorities allow federal government to expend funds in a local area for emergency or regular operations? The three establishments in order for federal government to dedicate financial resources are as followed. A president order, law to give authority to act and ask for ask, these three forms allow the federal government authority. 4. The precautionary principle is based on the 6 basic concepts of the Principle 15 in the 1993 Rio Declaration. Explain the precautionary principle and identify these 6 concepts. Precautionary principle is the three spheres of sustainability economy, environment and society based on how they equalize one another. The six precautionary concepts are: Preventive Anticipation the will to take early action without waiting for proof. Safeguard the environmental recognition. Proportionality of response cost the degree of restriction. Duty of Care, Promoting of the cause of rights inherent natural. And Payment for past ecological debt. 5. Compare and contrast the cowboy

Daryl Atkins Free Essays

Daryl Atkins Eligible for execution is about Daryl Atkins murder case. Unlike most murder cases though Daryl Atkins was mentally retarded and the debate wasn’t weather he was guilty or innocent, it was if he should receive the death penalty for his crime or not. The location of the crime played a big role in the jury selection because York County was a more white area compared to Hampton County where Atkins abducted Nesbitt. We will write a custom essay sample on Daryl Atkins or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"The prosecutor is the public official who represents the people in legal actions against the criminal offender† (pg 25). For serious cases like this case the prosecutor gets involved earlier and work with the police to create a case. Virginia appoints lawyers that meet certain qualifications to represent people who can’t afford a lawyer. Hampton County appointed George Rogers for Atkins and 2 lawyers for William Jones (Timothy Clancy and Leslie Smith). â€Å"Under Virginia law â€Å"the willful, deliberate and premeditated killing of any person during the commission of a serious crime, such as robbery, abduction, or rape, constitutes capital murder† (pg. 0). Daryl Atkins bail was overly excessive at $650,00 considering he wasn’t believed to be the killer, had know violent acts prior, and was to poor to actually post that bail amount. A grand jury is when a group of people are presented evidence from the prosecutor. The grand Jury looks over this evidence and decides if the case should go forward and proceed to trial which would be a ‘true bill indictment or if the case shoul d be thrown out. The book talks how a grand theft charge can be moved down to a petit larceny charge through plea-bargaining. William Jones struck a plea bargain by saying he was guilty to all charges except non-capital murder. Punishment must fit the bill in the U. S. criminal justice system. A person who steals a TV isn’t going to jail for life but a person who kills a person may be going to jail for life. The more serious the crime the more time must be spent on gathering evidence to make sure there isn’t a mistake which might cost an innocent person his life. The main argument against the death penalty is that killing is wrong so know matter who the person is. The other argument is that killers don’t think of the consequences when they act, so the death penalty doesn’t make a person not kill. Another objective is that life in prison should be justice enough; these inmates don’t pose a threat to society anymore so why bother killing them. The Furman v. Georgia case was important because at that time any person who was convicted of killing a person was punishable by death. Furman accidently killed William Micke and was found guilty, but the Supreme Court upheld the ruling and in doing so outlawed most uses of the death penalty. By having Mary Jones testify it showed how the murder affected the family and that her families’ life will never be the same. Judge Smiley sentenced Daryl Atkins to death and set his date for execution for August 20, 1998. The Supreme Court decided that it was illegal to have a mentally retarded person receive the death penalty. Prior to the ruling South Carolina still allowed for mentally retarded people to be executed but they hadn’t executed any mentally retarded person after the Penry case. Since Daryl Atkins never had a IQ test prior to 18 they couldn’t use his test to declare if he was mentally retarded or not. The case continued and because of a Brady case infraction Daryl Atkins was sentenced to Life rather than the death penalty. Work Cited Walker, Thomas G. Eligible for Execution: The Story of the Daryl Atkins Case. Washington, D. C. : CQ, 2008. Print. How to cite Daryl Atkins, Essay examples

Fly in the Ointment free essay sample

How does the writer bring out the atmosphere in Fly in The Ointment? A: The story *Fly in the ointment* , written by V. S. Pritchett ,focusses essentially on a critical father-son relationship where the father and son are solely supportive of each other outwardly and have lost all respect for each other. The setting of the story is that of the 1930s, which was a time of great economic depression in England, specifically in London- which is the hometown of the english writer. People were unemployed and were losing their homes and jobs. This was the time of Pritchetts existence, and he grew up in such an atmosphere- his father had failed his business and was unemployed, and nothing was going very well. Therefore, In my opinion, the story is rather autobiographical and depicts the hardships in the poets own life . The writer begins the story on a very dark and gloomy note. The atmosphere in this part of the story is extremely bleak and dreary. The use of visual imagery like *Mud Coloured Cloud* (page 112, 1st paragraph) in the very starting of the prose foreshadows the rest of the story, indicating that things are not going well, and will go worse in the future. The imagery also acts as a symbol of sadness and problems. Another meaning that can be drawn from the phrase is that urbanisation has occurred in the city, and due to such tremendous change in ways of life- the cost of living has increased by such an exorbitant amount, people are unable to support their families and buy basic needs necessary for survival. The neighbourhood is poverty-stricken and is in ruins. Another important aspect when discussing the atmosphere is that of depression,death and sadness. The writer has used words and phrases like Dead hour (page 112, 1st line ) and Like New Tombstones (simile, page 112) These phrases depict diminishing prosperity of the neighbourhood, and how all that was in the town in the past, is now ending. This could be used in context of the fathers business, which was coming to an end. An atmosphere of a financial crisis is created throughout the story, which leads to unemployment and death of people due to starvation, suicide and so on. The concept of death could have also been used to show that happiness is coming to an end, sadness and grief has taken over. There are various metaphors and similes in addition to the ones mentioned above, which help in bringing out the atmosphere of the story. Some include desert of public buildings (page 112, 1st paragraph) which expresses the fact that no public buildings are flourishing and there is no money in the economy. This also relates to the fact that the fathers business has recently failed. There are parts of the story which very clearly refer to poverty, which is yet another main focus when talking about atmosphere and mood of the text. There is a sense of loss and scarcity, which is shown by the author by the phrase unemployed men and one or two beggars (page 112, 1st paragraph) . This shows that the people have no money or food, and are wandering aimlessly in the neighbourhood, for food and other means of livelihood. It is also shown that in a rare case, people have even taken to begging, which in turn expresses the extremely dreadful situation of the exhausted economy. The mood and tone, which makes up the atmosphere has also been brought out through the conflict,which is expressed in the lines Better not arrive in a taxi,he was thinking. The old man will wonder where i got the money (Page 112, 2nd paragraph). These lines show that the protagonist, Harold, is not very supportive of his father and that he does not want to provide any financial support to his father. The only reason behind his visit to his father is to perhaps get the so-called *old man* off his nerves, and to get him to stop nagging him about a visit, in addition to acting outwardly supportive of his father. The line provides a good overview of the content of the entire story, drawing attention to the theme of a shallow, yet critical father-son relationship. This provides the readers with a good understanding of the story and its theme, along with expressing the mood of the story. Consequently, there is a lot of Figurative language and several literary devices used by the writer to bring out the meaning and theme. There is no optimism in the exposition and the imagery is so vivid that it can be drawn and pictured. Therefore, in conclusion, the atmosphere of the prose is just straight out depressing, and has no specific moral or message to it, that would help the readers progress in life or make it an interesting read. In my opinion, a story should be one which teaches us how to deal with a certain situation in life, rather than just stating the obvious well known facts-which in this scenario is my interpretation of this story. It gives its readers the message that human nature is unchangeable. The aforesaid is a fact, and everyone knows it- its basic human psychology. There is no indication of what one should do to become a better person, nor is it pointed out that having a split personality is a bad thing. In fact, the story ends where the resolution to the conflict should have begun. What happens next? , Does Harold give his greedy father the money? - these are all questions that will remain unanswered. Leaving the story like this makes me not want to read it, as it is boring and I already have enough problems in my life and would not want to read about someone elses. Providing a solution to the conflict would have really turned the story around and my opinion would have been the absolute opposite. All in all, i did not like the story at all (since i like stories with a real solution that can be reused when dealing with the same situations in life) and felt it was somehow incomplete and that the conflict wasnt resolved. I sincerely feel V. S. Pritchett could have done a better job at bringing meaning to the prose, making it an easy and much more interesting read.